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well i think i'll be able to see

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something with these well yeah you can

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see something but not nearly as much as

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you could see if you were using the

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hubble space telescope

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changed the way i look at outer space i

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mean from the star nurseries to all

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those galaxies there might be a little

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earth-like planet out there somewhere

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well that's true but did you know that

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when apollo astronauts took photographs

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of earth it really changed the way we

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look at ourselves in fact there are

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satellites up there all the time imaging

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different parts of the earth and

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studying it well i could talk about

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looking at the earth for a long time but

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i only have about 30 minutes

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well why only 30 well because

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hi i'm beth wilson and i'm coming to you

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live from the national air and space

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museum today we are in the space race

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gallery and in the space race gallery we

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display artifacts that help us explore

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space one of our premier artifacts is

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the apollo soyuz test project which was

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the first time americans and soviets

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worked together in space it was also

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been called the space handshake

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we also have skylab which was our first

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space station

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and behind me we have the hubble

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hubble space telescope that showed us

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all new views of space

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and galaxies now i'd like to welcome our

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audience here today friendship charter

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school

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they are here today to help us sell it

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celebrate earth day and to begin we're

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going to talk a little bit

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for you can participate online we have

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dozens standing by and if you have a

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question we may be able to answer it

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while we're doing our program so to get

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us started today we have dr jennifer

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lavasser she is one of our space history

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curators and jennifer i know that you

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have this great collection of

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photographs of the earth taken by

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astronauts so do you want to tell us a

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little bit about it sure absolutely

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astronauts have been photographing the

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earth for a really long time goes all

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the way back to 1962 when john glenn

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took the very first handheld camera to

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space and so he went up into space in

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the first orbits around the earth and he

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took a bunch of really great photographs

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so this is one of the very first ones he

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took it looks a little fuzzy but it's

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kind of hard to see out the windows

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and we started taking better and better

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cameras as the space program went on and

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so you could see how he saw clouds and

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eventually scientists would study those

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images ed white went outside his

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spacecraft for the very first time on a

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spacewalk in june of 1965 and he his

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image of him outside the spacecraft was

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really important for understanding what

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it was like to be in space you could see

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him floating which was really cool but

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also really important for how we

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understand what astronauts do

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on apollo 8 in 1968

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they actually took this photograph from

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the moon it was the first time people

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had gone around the moon and this is

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called earthrise and what it shows is

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how fragile the earth is it's just that

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little ball hanging out there in the

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blackness of space and so we really

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started to think a different way about

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earth

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during the apollo 17 mission which was

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the last time astronauts went to the

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moon they photographed the earth as they

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left earth and you can see the whole

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thing this is the first time ever that

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astronauts could photograph the earth

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without any shadows and so you could see

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how clear it is but also all those

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beautiful clouds in the atmosphere and

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so this is really the beginning of a

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movement to think about earth in a

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different way okay so they took these

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photos with cameras now i'm assuming

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that they're not like my iphone that i

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can click on unfortunately no astronauts

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needed a lot more equipment back

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especially in the 1960s cameras were not

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digital like your phones or a little

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pocket camera you might have today

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astronauts started using hasselblad

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cameras hasselblad is a swedish camera

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always

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very

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common in professional photography but

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it's a really great camera it's very

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durable and so astronauts used it and

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you can see that hasselblad made some

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changes for astronauts astronauts often

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wear gloves when they're in their

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spacesuits and so they made this really

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big tab on the side so that they could

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change the focus of the lens

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it also uses what's called a magazine

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and this is where they keep the film now

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cameras are not digital but we're not

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digital back then so there's actually a

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roll of film inside it was a roll of

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film inside here and this particular

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magazine was used during most of the

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imaging

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on the way to the moon during the apollo

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11 mission and the apollo 11 mission is

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the first time people landed on the moon

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so it makes this camera really really

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special so this one went up with the

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apollo 11 mission and we have a couple

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of photos actually from that mission

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from this camera shall we take a look at

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them we do and what's really cool about

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some of these photos is just how clear

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they are hasselblad's were known for

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their quality and so you can see these

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are really clear images they're

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beautiful the astronauts photographed

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their way as they were leaving earth

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they also photographed each other this

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is michael collins he was the command

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module pilot during the mission he was

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also the director of the museum when it

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first opened uh and then you can also

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see things as they approach the moon

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because that was their final destination

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was landing on the moon and so they

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started photographing it as they got

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closer okay so we i think we've got some

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questions we're going to start with an

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what kinds of cameras do astronauts use

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to take photos in space today well

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what's great is about 15 years ago nasa

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finally transitioned to using digital

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cameras and it makes it much easier to

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take photos you can only get about 200

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photos on this camera but on a camera

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that they would use today a digital

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camera they can take thousands of

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photographs and they just send them back

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to earth sometimes you see them right

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away even on a place like twitter or

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facebook okay

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and we have an audience question do you

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have a camera question for us yes

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hello my name is jimmy and i'm from

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princetonville pearce and my question is

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that when you know that when you have a

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satellite when you take pictures

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what kind of pictures like what kind of

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camera do you use when you take pictures

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what kind of now there's a difference

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between

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these cameras and the cameras we find on

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satellites correct absolutely the

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cameras on satellites and even on later

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apollo spacecraft we're much bigger they

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have a really big lens and they're able

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to zoom in on things that are much much

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smaller and so they can see very wide

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areas but the resolution which is how

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clear that image is is much higher

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okay

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do we have an online question why is a

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telescope in space better than a

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telescope on the ground fantastic

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question there's one major difference

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between using a telescope on the ground

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and in space and there's the atmosphere

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the atmosphere makes images from earth

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not quite as good and clear as they

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would be from space so when you put

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something like hubble out in orbit it

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can take much clearer pictures of things

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that are very very far away thank you so

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much jennifer no problem now jennifer

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showed us what happened when astronauts

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took photos of the earth now we're going

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to take a look at what happens when

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hey andrew what are you doing oh i'm

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looking at these satellite images of the

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earth the earth

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that's right the earth

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that doesn't look like the kind of globe

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we have in the classroom i can see

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clouds but

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not borders yeah that's right a lot of

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times the globes we have in classrooms

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are political maps they show different

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countries this one is a physical map it

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shows things like continents oceans

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and forests and deserts and swirling

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clouds it's the kind of view that we can

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only get from outer space

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what we're seeing here we're zooming

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into southern africa at this point on

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the globe

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and we're actually looking at something

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called the okavango delta it's a part of

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southern africa where the river the

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okavango river flows from the upper left

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to the lower right then it slowly dries

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out as it enters a into a desert area

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so this is the same picture of the same

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place

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these two images were collected at the

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exact same time by the exact same

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satellite called landsat 7. why are they

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different colors though well they're

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different colors because they're

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actually using different wavelengths of

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light wavelengths of light yeah there

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are many different wavelengths of light

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some of them we can see with our eyes

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our eyes have retinas and they're

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sensitive to red green and blue light

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but there are other wavelengths of light

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that we can't see with our eyes but

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they're really useful for understanding

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the earth for instance there are a lot

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of wavelengths of infrared light and

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that's what we see here on the image on

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the right all of this red stuff shows

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reflectance from sunlight in near

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infrared light and do we have a machine

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that'll do this or is it done once the

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photos taken no we actually launch into

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space different kinds of imaging

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detectors that can see visible

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wavelengths of light and also infrared

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wavelengths and and others one of those

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machines is actually sitting right here

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in the exhibit it was actually a sensor

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called the multi-spectral scanner it was

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actually launched in a series of

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satellites called landsat starting in

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the 1970s up through the 1980s five of

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them were launched and they collected

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images that look like these this is just

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a small part what if i want something

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big like the state of hawaii if you want

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to sow a big part of the earth one of

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the things you can do is actually take

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images like these that cover maybe a

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couple hundred miles on the side and put

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them together in a computer program

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making what we call a mosaic and that

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way you can cover large areas that show

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things like vegetation cover or desert

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areas volcanoes oceans anything you want

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to see on the earth and why is it

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important that we collect these images

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well one of the things that we're trying

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to do with all of these images is we

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look and see how the earth changes

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through time we want to understand

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00:10:17,829 --> 00:10:16,079
what's on the surface of the earth and

278
00:10:20,150 --> 00:10:17,839
we do that by collecting these different

279
00:10:22,230 --> 00:10:20,160
wavelengths and that's important because

280
00:10:24,150 --> 00:10:22,240
different kinds of things on the earth

281
00:10:25,910 --> 00:10:24,160
absorb and reflect different wavelengths

282
00:10:27,269 --> 00:10:25,920
of light so using these kinds of

283
00:10:29,990 --> 00:10:27,279
machines we can tell the difference

284
00:10:32,630 --> 00:10:30,000
between forests and grasslands and

285
00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:32,640
deserts any kind of vegetation and ocean

286
00:10:35,990 --> 00:10:34,480
cover and then by collecting images at

287
00:10:37,590 --> 00:10:36,000
different times we can see how it

288
00:10:41,829 --> 00:10:37,600
changes through time well thanks for

289
00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:44,790
well so now that andy has showed us some

290
00:10:48,470 --> 00:10:46,800
of these images from space we're going

291
00:10:54,550 --> 00:10:48,480
to have a quiz to see how well you can

292
00:10:59,590 --> 00:10:57,750
hello and welcome to stem it to win it

293
00:11:01,750 --> 00:10:59,600
in today's edition we have a tough

294
00:11:03,750 --> 00:11:01,760
challenge for our friends here i'm going

295
00:11:06,150 --> 00:11:03,760
to give them pictures taken from space

296
00:11:08,790 --> 00:11:06,160
by satellites these pictures fall into

297
00:11:11,670 --> 00:11:08,800
one of two categories

298
00:11:13,590 --> 00:11:11,680
biom1 biome 2. basically there are two

299
00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:13,600
different biomes i'm not going to tell

300
00:11:17,110 --> 00:11:15,120
you what the biomes are so you have to

301
00:11:19,190 --> 00:11:17,120
look and see which pictures are similar

302
00:11:21,829 --> 00:11:19,200
and match them up i'm going to start you

303
00:11:22,790 --> 00:11:21,839
off by giving you a freebie

304
00:11:25,509 --> 00:11:22,800
okay

305
00:11:27,670 --> 00:11:25,519
your job is to take this picture and say

306
00:11:29,350 --> 00:11:27,680
does it match something here or do you

307
00:11:37,670 --> 00:11:29,360
think it's a completely different biome

308
00:11:37,680 --> 00:11:42,069
make a choice

309
00:11:45,910 --> 00:11:44,550
you think right there

310
00:11:49,030 --> 00:11:45,920
all right

311
00:11:50,150 --> 00:11:49,040
at this picture

312
00:11:51,990 --> 00:11:50,160
where do you think it goes do you think

313
00:11:59,110 --> 00:11:52,000
it matches these or do you think it

314
00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:02,550
all right good job

315
00:12:06,150 --> 00:12:03,990
yup

316
00:12:07,910 --> 00:12:06,160
all right

317
00:12:09,269 --> 00:12:07,920
there's yours

318
00:12:12,629 --> 00:12:09,279
do you think it matches these or do you

319
00:12:16,949 --> 00:12:15,430
okay good let's do this one

320
00:12:20,310 --> 00:12:16,959
i think it well

321
00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:25,990
and last but not least

322
00:12:28,389 --> 00:12:27,110
good job

323
00:12:31,829 --> 00:12:28,399
guess what guys

324
00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:31,839
you got all six of them correct way to

325
00:12:37,190 --> 00:12:34,480
go now let's see what these biomes are

326
00:12:40,150 --> 00:12:37,200
here we have biome one these are all

327
00:12:41,590 --> 00:12:40,160
pictures of deserts biome too these are

328
00:12:43,990 --> 00:12:41,600
all pictures of

329
00:12:46,629 --> 00:12:44,000
forests so all of these pictures taken

330
00:12:48,550 --> 00:12:46,639
from space either a forest or of deserts

331
00:12:50,550 --> 00:12:48,560
and one of the really cool things is

332
00:12:52,870 --> 00:12:50,560
when we look at pictures from space of

333
00:12:55,670 --> 00:12:52,880
earth we can actually learn about other

334
00:12:59,750 --> 00:12:55,680
planets this is what we call an alluvial

335
00:13:01,590 --> 00:12:59,760
fan on earth it is caused by water okay

336
00:13:03,110 --> 00:13:01,600
when we go to pictures of space you'll

337
00:13:05,670 --> 00:13:03,120
see the black and white picture is a

338
00:13:07,829 --> 00:13:05,680
crater on mars we see the same type of

339
00:13:09,509 --> 00:13:07,839
feature on mars that we have here on

340
00:13:11,509 --> 00:13:09,519
earth and we know that on earth it's

341
00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:11,519
caused by water we can make some

342
00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:13,120
assumptions that that same type of

343
00:13:17,910 --> 00:13:16,000
feature was caused by water on mars beth

344
00:13:20,949 --> 00:13:17,920
these guys did a great job on stem it to

345
00:13:24,389 --> 00:13:20,959
win it back over to you thank you marty

346
00:13:26,470 --> 00:13:24,399
now we're really lucky in washington dc

347
00:13:28,949 --> 00:13:26,480
we can see these sort of different

348
00:13:30,629 --> 00:13:28,959
environments live and in person with our

349
00:13:38,069 --> 00:13:30,639
friends at the botanic gardens and we

350
00:13:43,509 --> 00:13:40,790
i am here at the u.s botanic garden

351
00:14:07,750 --> 00:13:43,519
insider plants from all over the world

352
00:14:13,269 --> 00:14:10,629
i am standing in the middle of a jungle

353
00:14:14,949 --> 00:14:13,279
in the middle of washington dc as a

354
00:14:17,829 --> 00:14:14,959
matter of fact the united states capital

355
00:14:19,910 --> 00:14:17,839
is only about a thousand feet that way

356
00:14:22,550 --> 00:14:19,920
this jungle and all jungles are

357
00:14:24,629 --> 00:14:22,560
important to me and to you

358
00:14:46,310 --> 00:14:24,639
come along with me as we find out why

359
00:14:49,509 --> 00:14:47,829
i'm joined by lee quickendahl the

360
00:14:52,389 --> 00:14:49,519
children's education specialist here at

361
00:14:54,470 --> 00:14:52,399
the u.s botanic gardens lee tell me why

362
00:14:56,069 --> 00:14:54,480
should i care about the rainforest well

363
00:14:57,430 --> 00:14:56,079
have you ever heard the expression lungs

364
00:15:00,150 --> 00:14:57,440
of the planet

365
00:15:02,870 --> 00:15:00,160
so we get our oxygen from plants and

366
00:15:04,629 --> 00:15:02,880
rainforests are huge

367
00:15:06,230 --> 00:15:04,639
areas that have many many different

368
00:15:07,829 --> 00:15:06,240
kinds of plants in them and so we're

369
00:15:09,189 --> 00:15:07,839
getting a lot of oxygen from there but

370
00:15:11,189 --> 00:15:09,199
the other thing is you think of the

371
00:15:13,990 --> 00:15:11,199
plant diversity and animal life in a

372
00:15:16,629 --> 00:15:14,000
rainforest everybody should care

373
00:15:18,310 --> 00:15:16,639
think about this we every second

374
00:15:20,550 --> 00:15:18,320
collectively around the world we are

375
00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:20,560
losing a football size field of

376
00:15:23,350 --> 00:15:21,760
rainforest

377
00:15:24,949 --> 00:15:23,360
plants and animals we might not have

378
00:15:27,189 --> 00:15:24,959
even discovered yet

379
00:15:30,389 --> 00:15:27,199
that's an area the size of this

380
00:15:32,710 --> 00:15:30,399
forest every second absolutely

381
00:15:34,870 --> 00:15:32,720
unbelievable so i really should care

382
00:15:36,550 --> 00:15:34,880
about the rainforest not only should you

383
00:15:38,150 --> 00:15:36,560
care but everybody should care whether

384
00:15:40,230 --> 00:15:38,160
you live near the rainforest whether

385
00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:40,240
you've never been to a rainforest they

386
00:15:44,150 --> 00:15:41,920
are essential to the health of our

387
00:15:45,350 --> 00:15:44,160
ecosystem the health of our planet

388
00:15:49,189 --> 00:15:45,360
awesome well thank you so much for

389
00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:49,199
joining us now back over to beth

390
00:15:52,949 --> 00:15:50,880
okay so we looked at a lot of different

391
00:15:54,949 --> 00:15:52,959
environments so far in the whole earth

392
00:15:57,110 --> 00:15:54,959
but my question right now is why earth

393
00:15:58,790 --> 00:15:57,120
day and to help me answer that i have dr

394
00:16:01,110 --> 00:15:58,800
martin collins who's a curator in our

395
00:16:02,629 --> 00:16:01,120
space history division and martin why is

396
00:16:03,590 --> 00:16:02,639
earth day important and how did it come

397
00:16:05,590 --> 00:16:03,600
about

398
00:16:08,069 --> 00:16:05,600
what prompted earth day

399
00:16:09,990 --> 00:16:08,079
take a look at this image it helps us

400
00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:10,000
understand the mindset of people in the

401
00:16:15,990 --> 00:16:13,360
1960s it's a poster from that very first

402
00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:16,000
earth day event and people were

403
00:16:20,470 --> 00:16:18,240
very much concerned about pollution

404
00:16:23,110 --> 00:16:20,480
pollution from cars pollution from

405
00:16:25,590 --> 00:16:23,120
factories pollution from airplanes it

406
00:16:27,990 --> 00:16:25,600
seemed that human activity was

407
00:16:29,990 --> 00:16:28,000
overwhelming the environment if you look

408
00:16:32,310 --> 00:16:30,000
closer at the image you see in the

409
00:16:34,550 --> 00:16:32,320
background a tilting image of the u.s

410
00:16:36,150 --> 00:16:34,560
capital and that was an indicator that

411
00:16:38,389 --> 00:16:36,160
the federal government had not yet

412
00:16:40,949 --> 00:16:38,399
stepped up to the challenge of dealing

413
00:16:43,110 --> 00:16:40,959
with pollution the result was the

414
00:16:45,910 --> 00:16:43,120
creation of a social movement a

415
00:16:48,150 --> 00:16:45,920
grassroots movement the central idea of

416
00:16:50,629 --> 00:16:48,160
which was that individuals and

417
00:16:53,269 --> 00:16:50,639
communities could take responsibility

418
00:16:55,590 --> 00:16:53,279
for the environment to protect it and to

419
00:16:57,910 --> 00:16:55,600
conserve it but it also required

420
00:16:59,910 --> 00:16:57,920
specific events and ideas to help

421
00:17:01,990 --> 00:16:59,920
energize this idea

422
00:17:04,630 --> 00:17:02,000
take a look at this image this is an

423
00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:04,640
image of the cuyahoga river a river near

424
00:17:10,470 --> 00:17:07,520
cleveland ohio and what we see is the

425
00:17:13,669 --> 00:17:10,480
this is the river on fire think about

426
00:17:15,669 --> 00:17:13,679
the idea of a river on fire it's so

427
00:17:17,990 --> 00:17:15,679
contrary to our understanding of how

428
00:17:20,150 --> 00:17:18,000
rivers are that it created this vast

429
00:17:22,309 --> 00:17:20,160
sort of public interest and the problem

430
00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:22,319
of pollution and how it was affecting in

431
00:17:27,590 --> 00:17:24,559
the most fundamental way are basic

432
00:17:29,909 --> 00:17:27,600
resources like rivers the other idea

433
00:17:32,070 --> 00:17:29,919
that was fundamentally important was one

434
00:17:34,630 --> 00:17:32,080
that jennifer talked about with you the

435
00:17:35,909 --> 00:17:34,640
idea that we saw the earth not just

436
00:17:38,230 --> 00:17:35,919
through what was happening in our

437
00:17:40,150 --> 00:17:38,240
communities but we saw the earth as a

438
00:17:42,150 --> 00:17:40,160
whole and one of the ways that this

439
00:17:44,870 --> 00:17:42,160
happened was a campaign

440
00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:44,880
as evidenced by this button that you see

441
00:17:49,190 --> 00:17:46,960
to create an image of the whole earth so

442
00:17:51,669 --> 00:17:49,200
people could understand that it was a

443
00:17:53,669 --> 00:17:51,679
small precious place that we needed to

444
00:17:57,590 --> 00:17:53,679
take care of well what was earth day

445
00:18:00,470 --> 00:17:57,600
like itself in april of 1970 uh it was

446
00:18:02,789 --> 00:18:00,480
consisted of major events in

447
00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:02,799
the primary cities of the united states

448
00:18:07,270 --> 00:18:05,200
what you're seeing here on the screen is

449
00:18:09,830 --> 00:18:07,280
a march in new york city down fifth

450
00:18:12,390 --> 00:18:09,840
avenue one of the major thoroughfares of

451
00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:12,400
the city an indication of how deeply

452
00:18:16,630 --> 00:18:14,640
people felt about this question of how

453
00:18:19,029 --> 00:18:16,640
to protect the environment and wanting

454
00:18:21,510 --> 00:18:19,039
to get involved the other part of earth

455
00:18:25,029 --> 00:18:21,520
day in 1970 was what was called a

456
00:18:27,029 --> 00:18:25,039
teach-in these events in colleges high

457
00:18:29,350 --> 00:18:27,039
schools and communities around the

458
00:18:31,909 --> 00:18:29,360
country by the thousands that told

459
00:18:34,230 --> 00:18:31,919
people in very specific ways what they

460
00:18:36,470 --> 00:18:34,240
might be able to do to contribute to

461
00:18:38,870 --> 00:18:36,480
creating a better environment so they

462
00:18:40,870 --> 00:18:38,880
could take personal action and not worry

463
00:18:42,630 --> 00:18:40,880
about what either corporations or

464
00:18:44,549 --> 00:18:42,640
governments were doing but something

465
00:18:46,470 --> 00:18:44,559
that they could do in their own lives

466
00:18:48,630 --> 00:18:46,480
and that idea of earth day has stayed

467
00:18:49,830 --> 00:18:48,640
with us to the present okay so martin i

468
00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:49,840
think we're going to take a couple of

469
00:18:55,430 --> 00:18:53,200
questions do we have an online question

470
00:18:56,710 --> 00:18:55,440
when did earth day become recognized

471
00:18:58,789 --> 00:18:56,720
worldwide

472
00:19:00,950 --> 00:18:58,799
from the very beginning uh the people

473
00:19:01,750 --> 00:19:00,960
who were intimately involved in earth

474
00:19:04,630 --> 00:19:01,760
day

475
00:19:06,230 --> 00:19:04,640
saw this not only only as a problem in

476
00:19:07,909 --> 00:19:06,240
the united states

477
00:19:10,230 --> 00:19:07,919
but an issue that affected the whole

478
00:19:12,870 --> 00:19:10,240
world remember that sort of image of the

479
00:19:15,029 --> 00:19:12,880
whole planet it created a conversation

480
00:19:16,789 --> 00:19:15,039
not just here in the united states but

481
00:19:19,669 --> 00:19:16,799
around the world that protecting the

482
00:19:21,510 --> 00:19:19,679
planet was a responsibility of people

483
00:19:24,710 --> 00:19:21,520
everywhere on earth okay we have an

484
00:19:27,909 --> 00:19:24,720
audience question

485
00:19:33,350 --> 00:19:29,669
what's your question

486
00:19:35,510 --> 00:19:33,360
my name is nada my question is how

487
00:19:39,830 --> 00:19:35,520
how do the belly work when you go out to

488
00:19:40,630 --> 00:19:39,840
space how what

489
00:19:44,390 --> 00:19:40,640
how

490
00:19:46,789 --> 00:19:44,400
to space ah that's an interesting

491
00:19:49,190 --> 00:19:46,799
question uh jennifer answered that a

492
00:19:51,669 --> 00:19:49,200
little bit it's having certain kinds of

493
00:19:52,870 --> 00:19:51,679
cameras that allow you to look down at

494
00:19:54,390 --> 00:19:52,880
the earth

495
00:19:56,310 --> 00:19:54,400
and those cameras

496
00:19:58,630 --> 00:19:56,320
take pictures is it any different than

497
00:20:00,789 --> 00:19:58,640
taking a picture here on earth not very

498
00:20:03,190 --> 00:20:00,799
much it's the same basic idea you have

499
00:20:05,990 --> 00:20:03,200
to have a camera that provides you with

500
00:20:08,149 --> 00:20:06,000
a certain kind of resolution provides

501
00:20:09,750 --> 00:20:08,159
you with the right kind of picture

502
00:20:11,750 --> 00:20:09,760
and then you have to get the image back

503
00:20:13,590 --> 00:20:11,760
to earth that typically has been one of

504
00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:13,600
the challenges and we have solved that

505
00:20:17,430 --> 00:20:15,600
in a number of different ways thank you

506
00:20:18,789 --> 00:20:17,440
so much martin for clearing that up for

507
00:20:20,710 --> 00:20:18,799
us and telling us a little bit about

508
00:20:21,510 --> 00:20:20,720
earth day now we're going to go back to

509
00:20:25,029 --> 00:20:21,520
our

510
00:20:30,789 --> 00:20:25,039
gardens we're going to take a look at

511
00:20:34,470 --> 00:20:32,789
i'm back and i've moved into the desert

512
00:20:36,710 --> 00:20:34,480
area and i'm joined by ari novi the

513
00:20:39,029 --> 00:20:36,720
director of the u.s botanic gardens

514
00:20:41,029 --> 00:20:39,039
it's really hot and dry in here but

515
00:20:43,350 --> 00:20:41,039
there are some amazing plants how do

516
00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:43,360
these all grow in here well thank you so

517
00:20:46,950 --> 00:20:44,960
much for having me and it's really fun

518
00:20:48,470 --> 00:20:46,960
to be here in the desert with you today

519
00:20:50,950 --> 00:20:48,480
we often think of the desert as kind of

520
00:20:53,270 --> 00:20:50,960
a barren wasteland full of sand but

521
00:20:55,029 --> 00:20:53,280
really plants have found amazing ways to

522
00:20:56,630 --> 00:20:55,039
make life happen and they're dealing

523
00:20:58,470 --> 00:20:56,640
with the really twin challenge of

524
00:21:00,310 --> 00:20:58,480
extreme temperatures especially heat but

525
00:21:02,230 --> 00:21:00,320
also a real lack of moisture and

526
00:21:04,789 --> 00:21:02,240
precipitation and so they have wonderful

527
00:21:07,190 --> 00:21:04,799
adaptations like succulent thick stems

528
00:21:08,549 --> 00:21:07,200
for storing water on very thick skin

529
00:21:10,230 --> 00:21:08,559
that makes sure that they they don't

530
00:21:12,149 --> 00:21:10,240
evaporate water and lose it um during

531
00:21:14,870 --> 00:21:12,159
the process of photosynthesis as well as

532
00:21:16,710 --> 00:21:14,880
highly reduced leaves and a lot of anti

533
00:21:18,310 --> 00:21:16,720
um herbivory compounds and thorns and

534
00:21:20,070 --> 00:21:18,320
things like that as well now there are

535
00:21:21,350 --> 00:21:20,080
some really interesting plants in here

536
00:21:23,270 --> 00:21:21,360
can you tell me about some of them

537
00:21:25,990 --> 00:21:23,280
absolutely one of my favorites is called

538
00:21:27,430 --> 00:21:26,000
the giant stapilia or stapilia gigantea

539
00:21:29,270 --> 00:21:27,440
and it's really neat because not only is

540
00:21:31,110 --> 00:21:29,280
it succulent and able to live in the in

541
00:21:32,630 --> 00:21:31,120
the in the arid environment but also

542
00:21:34,070 --> 00:21:32,640
it's got to think about pollination it's

543
00:21:35,510 --> 00:21:34,080
got to think about well you know i've

544
00:21:37,029 --> 00:21:35,520
got to live but i also have to take

545
00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:37,039
advantage of these these insects that

546
00:21:40,870 --> 00:21:38,720
are going to allow me to reproduce and

547
00:21:43,270 --> 00:21:40,880
it does that by producing this really

548
00:21:45,350 --> 00:21:43,280
ugly horrific flower looks kind of like

549
00:21:47,750 --> 00:21:45,360
the the really ugly alien in the movie

550
00:21:50,070 --> 00:21:47,760
predator and it not only is really ugly

551
00:21:52,230 --> 00:21:50,080
but it smells really really bad and it

552
00:21:53,669 --> 00:21:52,240
attracts these flies that basically like

553
00:21:55,430 --> 00:21:53,679
rotting flesh

554
00:21:58,070 --> 00:21:55,440
and so it's able to take advantage not

555
00:22:00,149 --> 00:21:58,080
only of of of the desert conditions to

556
00:22:02,789 --> 00:22:00,159
live but also of the insects that live

557
00:22:04,710 --> 00:22:02,799
in the desert that sounds horrible but

558
00:22:06,470 --> 00:22:04,720
awesome at the same time what other ones

559
00:22:08,630 --> 00:22:06,480
do you like in here i love the barrel

560
00:22:10,390 --> 00:22:08,640
cacti um barrel cacti are kind of the

561
00:22:12,070 --> 00:22:10,400
quintessential cacti they're large they

562
00:22:13,270 --> 00:22:12,080
have big thorns

563
00:22:14,789 --> 00:22:13,280
and they're really interesting because

564
00:22:16,630 --> 00:22:14,799
they're all swollen they're really a

565
00:22:18,630 --> 00:22:16,640
giant swollen stem and that's a

566
00:22:20,710 --> 00:22:18,640
mechanism for the cactus to conserve

567
00:22:22,710 --> 00:22:20,720
water when it does rain it often pours

568
00:22:24,149 --> 00:22:22,720
in the desert just very infrequently and

569
00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:24,159
so they're able to suck up a whole bunch

570
00:22:27,590 --> 00:22:25,840
of water and hold on to it so they can

571
00:22:29,669 --> 00:22:27,600
use it later on even when there's a very

572
00:22:31,510 --> 00:22:29,679
very little rainfall interesting now

573
00:22:32,950 --> 00:22:31,520
there's another plant that kind of grows

574
00:22:35,110 --> 00:22:32,960
in this area but you don't have it in

575
00:22:36,630 --> 00:22:35,120
this room that's absolutely right should

576
00:22:40,710 --> 00:22:36,640
we go take a look absolutely let's go

577
00:22:45,270 --> 00:22:42,390
this plant's something that we can grow

578
00:22:47,909 --> 00:22:45,280
at home right yes absolutely um this is

579
00:22:49,190 --> 00:22:47,919
aloe or aloe vera is the latin name it's

580
00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:49,200
a plant that a lot of us are very

581
00:22:52,149 --> 00:22:50,880
familiar with because you can buy it

582
00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:52,159
pretty much at any garden center a lot

583
00:22:56,230 --> 00:22:53,840
of people do have it in their homes both

584
00:22:58,230 --> 00:22:56,240
because it's beautiful but also because

585
00:23:00,230 --> 00:22:58,240
when you have a burn or a sunburn the

586
00:23:02,070 --> 00:23:00,240
the the sap or the juice inside the

587
00:23:03,830 --> 00:23:02,080
plant is a really wonderful salve

588
00:23:05,190 --> 00:23:03,840
against those burns so you just can grow

589
00:23:06,950 --> 00:23:05,200
this plant at home

590
00:23:08,710 --> 00:23:06,960
whenever you need to you snap off a

591
00:23:10,230 --> 00:23:08,720
little piece of it kind of rub it on you

592
00:23:11,430 --> 00:23:10,240
and uh and you're kind of good to go so

593
00:23:12,630 --> 00:23:11,440
you've got your medicine right there on

594
00:23:14,230 --> 00:23:12,640
your counter at home growing in this

595
00:23:15,830 --> 00:23:14,240
place it's right there for you and in

596
00:23:17,750 --> 00:23:15,840
fact in addition to being used as a burn

597
00:23:19,430 --> 00:23:17,760
um medicine a lot of traditional

598
00:23:21,029 --> 00:23:19,440
cultures also use it as actually potent

599
00:23:23,350 --> 00:23:21,039
laxative but but i'll warn you because

600
00:23:24,789 --> 00:23:23,360
it is truly potent okay if you'd like to

601
00:23:26,630 --> 00:23:24,799
learn more about medicinal plants here

602
00:23:28,070 --> 00:23:26,640
at the u.s botanic garden go to the stem

603
00:23:29,830 --> 00:23:28,080
30 website where we're going to post a

604
00:23:31,830 --> 00:23:29,840
short video showing you some of these

605
00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:31,840
other medicinal plants thank you so much

606
00:23:37,029 --> 00:23:33,360
for joining us today my pleasure thank

607
00:23:39,190 --> 00:23:37,039
you for having us now back to bath

608
00:23:41,029 --> 00:23:39,200
okay so we've looked at earth from space

609
00:23:43,110 --> 00:23:41,039
we've looked at earth from satellite

610
00:23:45,909 --> 00:23:43,120
images and we've looked at some of these

611
00:23:48,310 --> 00:23:45,919
ecosystems but what can you do on this

612
00:23:49,830 --> 00:23:48,320
earth day well to help us answer that

613
00:23:52,310 --> 00:23:49,840
question we have some friends from

614
00:23:54,870 --> 00:23:52,320
smithsonian gardens and marty's going to

615
00:23:57,029 --> 00:23:54,880
help us answer it marty

616
00:23:58,710 --> 00:23:57,039
like beth said today is a day for action

617
00:24:01,350 --> 00:23:58,720
we want you guys to be able to do

618
00:24:03,669 --> 00:24:01,360
something and this is something that you

619
00:24:05,669 --> 00:24:03,679
guys can do in your backyards and every

620
00:24:08,390 --> 00:24:05,679
little bit counts you know everything

621
00:24:10,230 --> 00:24:08,400
from recycling one water bottle to

622
00:24:12,230 --> 00:24:10,240
making a container garden helps our

623
00:24:14,390 --> 00:24:12,240
environment so i'm joined today by

624
00:24:16,230 --> 00:24:14,400
christine price abello and your

625
00:24:18,310 --> 00:24:16,240
horticulturalist at the smithsonian

626
00:24:19,830 --> 00:24:18,320
gardens tell us a little about a little

627
00:24:21,430 --> 00:24:19,840
bit about what these guys are doing sure

628
00:24:23,430 --> 00:24:21,440
these guys are helping us plan up some

629
00:24:25,110 --> 00:24:23,440
container gardens uh the great thing

630
00:24:27,669 --> 00:24:25,120
about containers is it's something you

631
00:24:30,310 --> 00:24:27,679
can do anywhere whether you have sun or

632
00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:30,320
shade or a small space like a balcony a

633
00:24:33,909 --> 00:24:32,080
deck or a patio or you want to put them

634
00:24:36,470 --> 00:24:33,919
out in your regular landscape you can

635
00:24:38,149 --> 00:24:36,480
add a great splash of color or bring in

636
00:24:39,909 --> 00:24:38,159
pollinators to your garden by planting

637
00:24:42,070 --> 00:24:39,919
these containers up and the ones we're

638
00:24:44,149 --> 00:24:42,080
doing today are specifically pollinator

639
00:24:45,269 --> 00:24:44,159
friendly containers

640
00:24:46,390 --> 00:24:45,279
you can see the guys here they're

641
00:24:48,870 --> 00:24:46,400
planting up

642
00:24:50,390 --> 00:24:48,880
these beautiful flowers here these are

643
00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:50,400
actually pentas they attract

644
00:24:53,830 --> 00:24:51,840
hummingbirds

645
00:24:55,510 --> 00:24:53,840
because of the red color

646
00:24:57,909 --> 00:24:55,520
we've also got some other samples of

647
00:25:00,549 --> 00:24:57,919
containers over here

648
00:25:01,669 --> 00:25:00,559
we've got a one that's yellow and white

649
00:25:03,590 --> 00:25:01,679
and silver

650
00:25:05,830 --> 00:25:03,600
most of those things bloom in the

651
00:25:08,230 --> 00:25:05,840
early evening or early morning hours

652
00:25:10,470 --> 00:25:08,240
when mauls are out the white colors and

653
00:25:11,830 --> 00:25:10,480
the silver color foliage attracts malls

654
00:25:13,029 --> 00:25:11,840
for that one that's another type of

655
00:25:15,510 --> 00:25:13,039
pollinator

656
00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:15,520
and the large containers beside me here

657
00:25:19,990 --> 00:25:17,600
these are bee and butterfly friendly

658
00:25:22,710 --> 00:25:20,000
plants bees and butterflies see colors

659
00:25:25,750 --> 00:25:22,720
differently than people do they actually

660
00:25:28,390 --> 00:25:25,760
see tracks or patterns on those petals

661
00:25:30,230 --> 00:25:28,400
that guide them in to the nectar source

662
00:25:31,830 --> 00:25:30,240
when they come in to feed and then the

663
00:25:33,830 --> 00:25:31,840
pollen sticks to them and then they take

664
00:25:35,990 --> 00:25:33,840
it to the next plant and transfer it

665
00:25:38,149 --> 00:25:36,000
over so we've got the butterfly and bee

666
00:25:40,549 --> 00:25:38,159
containers there and this last one here

667
00:25:42,950 --> 00:25:40,559
is a hummingbird container it's if you

668
00:25:45,990 --> 00:25:42,960
notice it's all featuring red full red

669
00:25:47,750 --> 00:25:46,000
flowers on here a lot of tubular shapes

670
00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:47,760
where they'll put it come in and land on

671
00:25:51,750 --> 00:25:49,840
the plants and then

672
00:25:53,830 --> 00:25:51,760
stick their little beak down in there

673
00:25:54,870 --> 00:25:53,840
get the nectar and bring it out on them

674
00:25:56,390 --> 00:25:54,880
that way

675
00:25:58,230 --> 00:25:56,400
so with one thing with container

676
00:25:59,669 --> 00:25:58,240
gardening depending on what kind of

677
00:26:01,669 --> 00:25:59,679
pollinators you want to attract you just

678
00:26:03,669 --> 00:26:01,679
want to make sure you have a full sun

679
00:26:06,149 --> 00:26:03,679
location so you can get lots of

680
00:26:07,669 --> 00:26:06,159
butterflies bees things like that

681
00:26:08,950 --> 00:26:07,679
visiting your garden and this is

682
00:26:10,870 --> 00:26:08,960
something that you can do even if you

683
00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:10,880
don't have a big yard right right any

684
00:26:15,990 --> 00:26:13,840
space a balcony a patio a deck

685
00:26:17,750 --> 00:26:16,000
anything like that awesome indoors too

686
00:26:19,830 --> 00:26:17,760
now you guys are the smithsonian gardens

687
00:26:21,669 --> 00:26:19,840
is sponsoring the competition correct

688
00:26:23,590 --> 00:26:21,679
right we have our annual garden fest

689
00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:23,600
event coming up that celebrates national

690
00:26:27,350 --> 00:26:24,960
public garden day

691
00:26:29,750 --> 00:26:27,360
it's friday may 8th and we usually have

692
00:26:31,909 --> 00:26:29,760
a container contest associated with the

693
00:26:33,990 --> 00:26:31,919
event we invite the public to come in

694
00:26:35,590 --> 00:26:34,000
and bring in their containers with them

695
00:26:37,830 --> 00:26:35,600
we display them in the help garden that

696
00:26:39,990 --> 00:26:37,840
day and have a friendly little judging

697
00:26:41,750 --> 00:26:40,000
or competition among the containers for

698
00:26:43,510 --> 00:26:41,760
different categories so if you'd like to

699
00:26:45,990 --> 00:26:43,520
participate there's information on our

700
00:26:47,990 --> 00:26:46,000
website that you can look up online and

701
00:26:49,750 --> 00:26:48,000
check out the event and come on out

702
00:26:52,149 --> 00:26:49,760
great guys you're doing a great job with

703
00:26:55,590 --> 00:26:52,159
this there's just one thing that we need

704
00:26:58,789 --> 00:26:55,600
to add to it if we add that right there

705
00:27:00,230 --> 00:26:58,799
this looks perfect now so beth i think

706
00:27:01,909 --> 00:27:00,240
we need to find a place to keep this i

707
00:27:03,190 --> 00:27:01,919
think the studio might be a great spot

708
00:27:08,310 --> 00:27:03,200
for this

709
00:27:11,750 --> 00:27:08,320
we have time for one very quick online

710
00:27:16,390 --> 00:27:14,149
how much worse is pollution now than it

711
00:27:18,950 --> 00:27:16,400
was in 1970

712
00:27:21,590 --> 00:27:18,960
pollution today is much less than it was

713
00:27:24,789 --> 00:27:21,600
in 1970.

714
00:27:27,669 --> 00:27:24,799
a variety of federal laws have helped

715
00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:27,679
clean up the air and the water

716
00:27:32,470 --> 00:27:30,640
people have taken steps individually to

717
00:27:35,029 --> 00:27:32,480
help the environment by not throwing

718
00:27:36,470 --> 00:27:35,039
plastic bags out their car windows to

719
00:27:38,149 --> 00:27:36,480
recycle

720
00:27:40,070 --> 00:27:38,159
today the the

721
00:27:42,710 --> 00:27:40,080
the pollution is a much lower level than

722
00:27:44,710 --> 00:27:42,720
it ever was in the 1970s

723
00:27:47,590 --> 00:27:44,720
well that that's all the time we have

724
00:27:50,310 --> 00:27:47,600
for today i'd like to thank christine

725
00:27:52,789 --> 00:27:50,320
and martin and jennifer and andrew for

726
00:27:55,110 --> 00:27:52,799
helping me out we'd like to thank our

727
00:27:57,350 --> 00:27:55,120
sponsor boeing and we hope to see you

728
00:27:59,190 --> 00:27:57,360
all again next month on may 20th when

729
00:28:02,950 --> 00:27:59,200
we'll talk about living and working in